Chemical properties and mineral nutrient content within and outside the rhizosphere of corn (Zea mays) in an Andean soil of Peru
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21704/pja.v9i2.2030Keywords:
Soil, root, rhizosphere, Zea mays, mineral nutrientAbstract
The rhizosphere is the medium in which plant roots live. Its study began more than 100 years ago. Nowadays, this topic continues to attract the interest of researchers due to its complexity and repercussions on land ecology, natural resources sustainability, and food security. Nutrient availability in the rhizosphere has been extensively studied. However, most studies have focused on a few parameters that were evaluated in detail. The objective of this research was to compare the chemical properties and availability of all essential mineral nutrient elements for higher plants, except Mo and Ni, between rhizospheric soil and soil not affected by root activity. This comparison was intended to be thorough in order to obtain a picture of how different rhizospheric and bulk soils really are. For this purpose, samples of both soil types were collected in a corn (Zea mays) field at the Oyolopampa farm (Ayacucho, Peru). These were analyzed for general chemical properties and soluble and available concentrations of each nutrient element. The rhizospheric soil in the Oyolopampa corn field differed from the bulk soil in 31 % of the 29 evaluated chemical properties. Thus, the total solute concentration, available NH4+, soluble and available K, soluble Mg, soluble and available B, and soluble Cl were higher in the rhizospheric soil, while available Cu was higher in the bulk soil. Our results and literature survey showed that the chemical properties of the rhizospheric soil could have higher, similar, or lower values than the bulk soil, with the possible exceptions of salinity and soluble Cl content. The differences between these soil types were therefore case-specific and depended on the evaluated property or substance, plant genotype, soil properties, environmental conditions, and moment of examination.
Downloads
References
Adamczewski, R., Kaestner, A., & Zarebanadkouki, M. (2024). Rhizosphere hydraulic regulation in maize: tailoring rhizosphere properties to varying soil textures and moistures. Plant Soil, 509, 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06840-2
Ahkami, A. H., White, R. A., Handakumbura, P. P., & Jansson, C. (2017). Rhizosphere engineering: Enhancing sustainable plant ecosystem productivity. Rhizosphere, 3, 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2017.04.012
Barber, S. A., & Ozanne, P. G. (1970). Autoradiographic evidence for the differential effect of four plant species in altering the calcium content of the rhizosphere soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 34(4), 635–637. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1970.03615995003400040027x
Bazán T., R. (1996). Manual de análisis químico de suelos, aguas y plantas. Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina - Fundación Perú, Lima, Perú.
Camps, A. M., Barreal, M. E., Mourenza, C., Álvarez, E., Kidd, P., & Macías, F. (2003). Rhizosphere chemistry in acid forest soils that differ in their degree of Al-saturation of organic matter. Soil Science, 168(4), 267–279. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ss.0000064890.94869.a8
Chiu, C. Y., Wang, M. K., Hwong, J. L., & King, H. B. (2002). Physical and chemical properties in rhizosphere and bulk soils of Tsuga and Yushania in a temperate rain forest. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 33(11–12), 1723–1735. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120004818
Courchesne, F., Kruyts, N., & Legrand, P. (2009). Labile zinc concentration and free copper ion activity in the rhizosphere of forest soils. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 25(3), 635–642. https://doi.org/10.1897/04-593R.1
Dessaux, Y., Grandclément, C., & Faure, D. (2016). Engineering the rhizosphere. Trends in Plant Science, 21(3), 266–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2016.01.002
Gan, D., Zeng, H., & Zhu, B. (2022). The rhizosphere effect on soil gross nitrogen mineralization: A meta-analysis. Soil Ecology Letters, 4(2), 144–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42832-021-0098-y
Helliwell, J. R., Sturrock, C. J., Miller, A. J., Whalley, W. R., & Mooney, S. J. (2019). The role of plant species and soil condition in the structural development of the rhizosphere. Plant, Cell & Environment, 42(6), 1974–1986. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13529
Hinsinger, P., Bell, M. J., Kovar, J. L., & White, P. J. (2021). Rhizosphere processes and root traits determining the acquisition of soil potassium. In T. S. Murrell, R. L. Mikkelsen, G. Sulewski, R. Norton & M. L. Thompson (Eds.), Improving potassium recommendations for agricultural crops (99–117). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59197-7_4
Hinsinger, P., Plassard, C., Tang, C., & Jaillard, B. (2003). Origins of root-mediated pH changes in the rhizosphere and their responses to environmental constraints: A review. Plant and Soil, 248(1-2), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022371130939
Hu, Z., Haneklaus, S., Wang, S., Xu, C., Cao, Z., & Schnug, E. (2003). Comparison of mineralization and distribution of soil sulfur fractions in the rhizosphere of oilseed rape and rice. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 34(15–16), 2243–2257. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120024061
Hungria, M., & Nogueira, M. A. (2023). Nitrogen fixation. In Z. Rengel, I. Cakmak & P. J. White (Eds.), Marschner’s mineral nutrition of plants. Academic Press. (4th ed., pp. 615–650). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819773-8.00006-X
Kothari, S. K., Marschner, H., & Römheld, V. (1991). Effect of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and rhizosphere micro-organisms on manganese reduction in the rhizosphere and manganese concentrations in maize (Zea mays L.). New Phytologist, 117(4), 649–655. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1991.tb00969.x
Kuppe, C. W., Schnepf, A., von Lieres, E., Watt, M., & Postma, J. A. (2022). Rhizosphere models: Their concepts and application to plant-soil ecosystems. Plant and Soil, 474, 17-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-05201-7
Ling, N., Wang, T., & Kuzyakov, Y. (2022). Rhizosphere bacteriome structure and functions. Nature Communications, 13(836). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28448-9
Liu, S., He, F., Kuzyakov, Y., Xiao, H., Hoang, D. T. T., Pu, S., & Razavi, B. S. (2022). Nutrients in the rhizosphere: A meta-analysis of content, availability, and influencing factors. Science of the Total Environment, 826, 153908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153908
Ma, Y., Yue, K., Heděnec, P., Li, C., Li, Y., & Wu, Q. (2023). Global patterns of rhizosphere effects on soil carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical processes. Catena, 220, 106661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106661
Mandal, M., Das, D. K., & Mazumdar, D. (2012). Evaluation of extractants for boron under the influence of organic matter and applied boron in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils growing rape (Brassica campestris L.). Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 43(6), 973–983. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2012.653295
Marschner, P. (2023). Rhizosphere biology. In Z. Rengel, I. Cakmak & P. J. White (Eds.), Marschner’s mineral nutrition of plants (4th ed., pp. 587–614). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819773-8.00004-6
Moritsuka, N., Yanai, J., & Kosaki, T. (2004). Possible processes releasing nonexchangeable potassium from the rhizosphere of maize. Plant and Soil, 258(1), 261–268. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PLSO.0000016556.79278.7f
Neumann, G., & Ludewig, U. (2023). Rhizosphere chemistry influencing plant nutrition. In Z. Rengel, I. Cakmak & P. J. White (Eds.), Marschner’s mineral nutrition of plants (4th ed., pp. 545–585). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819773-8.00013-7
Ott, L., & Longnecker, M. (2016). An introduction to statistical methods & data analysis (7th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Pantigoso, H. A., Newberger, D., & Vivanco, J. M. (2022). The rhizosphere microbiome: Plant-microbial interactions for resource acquisition. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 133(5), 2864–2876. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.15686
Raghavendra, M. P., Chandra Nayaka, S., Nuthan, B. R. (2016). Role of rhizosphere microflora in potassium solubilization. In: Meena, V., Maurya, B., Verma, J., & Meena, R. (Eds.), Potassium solubilizing microorganisms for sustainable agriculture (pp. 43–59). Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2776-2_4
Riley, D., & Barber, S. A. (1970). Salt accumulation at the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) root-soil interface. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 34(1), 154–155. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1970.03615995003400010042x
Schnepf, A., Carminati, A., Ahmed, M. A., Ani, M., Benard, P., Bentz, J., Bonkowski, M., Knott, M., Diehl, D., Duddek, P., Kröner, E., Javaux, M., Landl, M., Lehndorff, E., Lippold, E., Lieu, A., Mueller, C. W., Oburger, E., Otten, W., Portell, X., Phalempin, M., Prechtel, A., Schulz, R., Vanderborgth, J., & Vetterlein, D. (2022). Linking rhizosphere processes across scales: Opinion. Plant and Soil, 478, 5–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05306-7
Smercina, D. N., Evans, S. E., Friesen, M. L., & Tiemann, L. K. (2019). To fix or not to fix: Controls on free-living nitrogen fixation in the rhizosphere. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 85(6), e2546-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02546-18
Spohn, M., Zeißig, I., Brucker, E., Widdig, M., Lacher, U., & Aburto, F. (2020). Phosphorus solubilization in the rhizosphere in two saprolites with contrasting phosphorus fractions. Geoderma, 366, 114245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114245
Solomon, W., Janda, T., & Molnár, Z. (2024). Unveiling the significance of rhizosphere: Implications for plant growth, stress response, and sustainable agriculture. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108290
Thakur, M., Khushboo, Shah, S., Kumari, P., Kumar, M., Vibhuti, R. K., Pramanik, A., Yadav, V., Raina, M., Negi, N. P., Gautam, V., Rustagi, A., Verma, S. K., & Kumar, D. (2024). Unlocking the secrets of rhizosphere microbes: A new dimension for agriculture. Symbiosis 92, 305–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-024-00980-w
Turpault, M.-P., Utérano, C., Boudot, J.-P., & Ranger, J. (2005). Influence of mature Douglas fir roots on the solid soil phase of the rhizosphere and its solution chemistry. Plant and Soil, 275(1–2), 327–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-2584-x
Wang, L., Rengel, Z., Zhang, K., Jin, K., Lyu, Y., Zhang, L., Cheng, L., Zhang, F., & Shen, J. (2022). Ensuring future food security and resource sustainability: Insights into the rhizosphere. iScience, 25(4), 104168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104168
Wang, Y., Luo, D., Xiong, Z., Wang, Z., & Gao, M. (2023). Changes in rhizosphere phosphorus fractions and phosphate-mineralizing microbial populations in acid soil as influenced by organic acid exudation. Soil & Tillage Research, 225, 105543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2022.105543
Ye, D., Zhang, X., Li, T., Xu, J., & Chen, G. (2018). Phosphorus-acquisition characteristics and rhizosphere properties of wild barley in relation to genotypic differences as dependent on soil phosphorus availability. Plant and Soil, 423(1–2), 503–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3530-4
York, L. M., Carminati, A., Mooney, S. J., Ritz, K., & Bennett, M. J. (2016). The holistic rhizosphere: Integrating zones, processes, and semantics in the soil influenced by roots. Journal of Experimental Botany, 67(12), 3629–3643. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw108
Youssef, R. A., & Chino, M. (1989). Root-induced changes in the rhizosphere of plants. II. Distribution of heavy metals across the rhizosphere in soils. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 35(4), 609–621. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1989.10434796
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Klaus P. RAVEN WILLWATER, Constantino S. CALDERÓN MENDOZA
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
