Ficus of Peru
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21704/rfp.v39i3.2189Keywords:
Ficus, Peru, taxonomy, nomenclature, distribution, Pharmacosycea, SpherosukeAbstract
The genus Ficus L., which includes the common fig tree (Ficus carica L.), is one of the most frequent arboreal groups in the humid Amazon, where it plays a key ecological role in providing edible fruit to the wildlife. Its treatment is priority in the Illustrated Flora of Peru. This document recognizes 63 species for Peru, plus the six commonly cultivated in urban gardens and parks. All of them are described and illustrated, with identification keys and the indication of their updated nomenclature, relevant synonymy and geographical and ecological distribution. The peruvian species of Ficus are subdivided into two Subgenera, Pharmacosycea and Spherosuke (the later extensively known as Urostigma). The altitudinal range of native Ficus in Peru is 0-2200 m a.s.l. Ficus of Subgenus Pharmacosycea shows a higher species richness in the humid forests of the eastern flank of the central Andes, between 1200–2400 m a.s.l.; for Spherosuke the higher species richness is concentrated in the Amazon lowland rainforests, below 800 m a.s.l., in the northern and southern thirds of the country. Considering both Subgenera, i.e. the totality of the species, the highest number is observed in the lowland Amazon rainforests plus premontane humid forests of the eastern flank of the Andes. Five species are exclusive endemics of Peru: Ficus bombuscaroana, F. sirensis, F. quistocochensis, F. rimacana and F. vittata; also, a subspecies, F. jacobii subsp. jacobii. Aditionally, four species are shared in a narrow geographical range between Peru-Ecuador: Ficus ceronii, F. loxensis, F. maximoides and F. quichuana; and Perú-Bolivia, F. boliviana. More than 700 collections of the most important herbaria in Peru and worldwide, plus several species in the field, have been directly examined to complete the document.
Downloads
References
Applequist, W. 2013. Report of the nomenclaturecomittee for vascular plants: 65. Taxon 62(6): 1315-1326.
Berg, CC. 1989. Classification and distribution of Ficus. Experientia 45: 605–611.
Berg, CC. 1990. Reproduction and evolution in Ficus (Moraceae): traits connected with the adequate rearing of pollinators. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 55: 169-185.
Berg CC. 1998. Moraceae excl. Ficus. 27B. 60: 1-128, pt. 27B.
Berg, CC. 1999a. A new species of Ficus from Bolivia and Peru. Brittonia 51(4): 395-397.
Berg, CC. 1999b. Moraceae. In P. Jørgensen & León-Yáñez, S (eds.). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador: p. 604-611.
Berg, CC. 2001. Moreae, Artocarpae and Dorstenia (Moraceae) with introductions to the family and Ficus, and with additions and corrections to Flora Neotropica Monograph 7. Flora Neotropica Monograph 83.
Berg, CC. 2003. Proposals to conserve the names Ficus citrifolia against F. caribaea, F. maxima with a conserved type, F. aurea against F. ciliolosa, and F. americana against F. perforata (Moraceae). Taxon 52: 368-370.
Berg, CC. 2007a. Proposals for treating four species complexes in Ficus subgenus Urostigma Section Americanae (Moraceae), Blumea 52: 295-312.
Berg, CC. 2007b. New species of Ficus from S. America, Blumea 52: 569-594.
Berg, CC. 2009. Moraceae (Ficus) In Harling G; Persoon, C (eds.). Flora of Ecuador 85(pt. 27C):1–148.
Berg, CC; Corner, E. 2005. Ficeae. Fl. Malesiana Series I, v. 17, pt. 2, 702 p.
Berg, CC; Corner, E. 2005. Moraceae: Ficeae. Flora Malesiana 17(2): 1-702. (Series I Seed Plants).
Berg, CC; Dewolf, G. 1975. Moraceae. In Lan jou, J. & Stoffers, A (eds.). Flora of Suriname 5(1): 228-265.
Berg, CC; Franco-Rosselli, P. 1996. New taxa and combinations in Moraceae and Cecropia ceae from Central and South America. Novon 6(3): 230–252.
Berg, CC; Simonis JE. 1981. The Ficus flora of Venezuela: five species complexes discussed and two new species described. Ernstia 6: 1-12.
Berg, CC; Simonis, JE. 2000. Flora de Venezu ela (Moraceae). In Riina R. (ed.). Fundación del Instituto botánico de Venezuela v. 5 p. 189, 250-269.
Berg, CC; Villavicencio, X. 2004. Taxonomic studies on Ficus (Moraceae) of the West in dies, amazonian Brazil, and Bolivia. llicifolia 5: 1-132.
Berg, CC; Villavicencio, X. 2004. Taxonomic studies on Ficus (Moraceae) in the West Indies, extra-Amazonian Brazil, and Bolivia. Ilicifolia 5: 115. 2004.
Brako, L; Zarucchi, J. 1993. Catálogo de las Angiospermas y Gimnospermas del Perú. Missouri Botanical Garden Monographs in Systematic Botany 45. St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A.
Burger, W. 1977. Moraceae. In Burger, W (ed.). Flora Costaricensis. Fieldiana, Botany 40: 140-187.
Cornejo JC; Rebolledo, P. 1993. Guía de Árboles de Bolivia. Editorial del Instituto de Ecología UMSA, La Paz - Bolivia. 958 p.
Dugand. A. 1942. Nuevas especies colombianas del género Ficus. Caldasia 1(4): 25-74.
Dewolf, G. 1965. Ficus, subgenus Pharmacosycea in America. Elliottia 4: 1-20.
Font Quer, P. 1982. Diccionario de botánica. Editorial Labor.
Gasparrini, G. 1844. Nova genera, quae super nonnullis Fici speciebus struebat. Neapoli, ex tipografie Fransiscie del vecchio.
Ibarra, G; Cornejo, G; González, N; Piedra, E; Luna, A. 2012. El género Ficus L. (Moraceae) en México. Botanical Sciences 90(4): 389-452.
INIA-OIMT 1996. Manual de identificación de especies forestales de la subregión Andina. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria-Perú y Organización Internacional de las Maderas Tropicales, Proyecto PD 150/91. Lima, Perú. 489 p.
Jørgensen, PM; Nee, MH; Beck, SG. 2014 Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de Bolivia. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 127: 1–1744.
Macbride, JF. 1937. Moraceae. Flora of Peru. Field Museum of Natural History, Botany (2): 299-308.
Miquel, FAG. 1847. Prodromus monographiae Ficuum. The London Journal of Botany 6: 514-588.
Miquel, FAG. 1853. Urticinae. En C.F.P. von Martius, Flora Brasiliensis 4(1): 77-218.
Mitidieri, N; Pederneiras, L; Damián, A; Albán, J. 2020. A new species and a new record of Ficus sect. Pharmacosycea (Moraceae) from Peru. Systematic Botany 45(1): 91-95.
Pederneiras, L; Pelissari, G; Romaniuc-Neto, S. 2014. Ficus carvajalii (Moraceae), a New Species from Ecuador. Systematic Botany 39(3): 897-901.
Pederneiras, L; Romaniuc-Neto, S; de Freitas-Mansano V. 2015a. An overview of the infrageneric classification of Ficus (Moraceae). Taxón 64(3): 589-594.
Pederneiras, L; Romaniuc-Neto, S; Freitas Mansano V. 2015b. Molecular phylogenetics of Ficus Section Pharmacosycea and the Description of Ficus Subsection Carautaea (Moraceae). Systematic Botany 40(2): 504-509.
Pederneiras, L; Romaniuc, S; de Freitas-Mansano V. 2017. Taxonomic sinopsis of the Ficus Sect. Pharmacosycea (Moraceae) from Colom bia. Phytotaxa 313(1): 1-22.
Pederneiras, L; Romaniuc-Neto, S; de Freitas--Mansano, V. 2018. Nomenclatural revision of Ficus Set. Americanae (Moraceae): Ficus americana and allied species. Phytotaxa 361(2): 244-250.
Pederneiras, L; Romaniuc-Neto, S. 2019a. Taxonomic revision of Ficus Sect. Pharmacosycea (Moraceae). Systematic Botany Monographs 107: 1-148.
Pederneiras, L.; Monje-Dussán, C; Mitidieri, N; Romaniuc-Neto, S; Ferreira da Costa, A; Freitas Mansano, V. 2019b. Nomenclatural revision of Ficus sect. Americanae (Moraceae): Tipification of Ficus crocata and allied species. Phytotaxa 414(5): 262-268.
Pederneiras, L; Zamego, B; Plata-Castro, A; Romaniuc-Neto, S; Mansano, V. 2023. Ficus sect. Americanae ser. Kinuppii: a ramiflorous group of neotropical fig trees. Brittonia 75: 249-268.
Pelissari, G; Romaniuc, S. 2014. Ficus tubulosa (Moraceae), a new Amazonian species and the re-establishment of Ficus trachelosyce. Phytotaxa 170 (3): 207–212.
Pelissari, G; Romaniuc, S. 2015. A new Amazonian species of Ficus L. (Moraceae). Phytotaxa 239(1): 96–100.
Pennington, T. 2024. Flora ilustrada peruana – Inga (Leguminosas) Guabas y Pacaes del Perú. Revista Forestal del Perú 38(3, número especial):5-453.
Rønsted, N; Weiblen, GD; Clement, W; Zerega, N; Savolainen, V; 2008. Reconstructing the phylogeny of figs (Ficus, Moraceae) to unravel the origin offig-wasp mutualisms. Symbiosis 45: 45–56.
Reynel, C; Pennington, RT; Särniken, T. 2013. Cómo se formó la diversidad ecológica del Perú. Lima, Imprenta Bellido. 472 p.
Reynel, C; Pennington, RT; Pennington, TD. 2016. Árboles del Perú. Lima, Imprenta Bellido. 1047 p.
Reynel, C; Pennington, RT. 2023. Conceptos de biodiversidad y ecología del Perú mostrados en láminas (en línea). 70 p. ISBN 978-612-00-9112-8. Consultado 20 jul. 2024. Disponible en http://www.lamolina.edu.pe/facultad/forestales/herbario/libros/LIBRO_LAMINAS-TOTAL_REYNEL_PENNINGTON.pdf.
Standley, PC. 1917. The Mexican and central American species of Ficus. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. 20(1): 1-35.
Soukup, J. 1964. Las Moráceas del Perú, sus géneros y listas de especies. Biota 5: 93-109.
Ulloa Ulloa, C; Acevedo, P; Beck, S; Belgrano, M; Bernal, R; Berry, P; Brako, L; Celis, M; Davidse, G; Forzza, R; Gradstein, S; Hokche, O; León, B; León-Yánez, S; Magill, R; Neill, D; Nee, M; Raven, Peter; Stimmel, H; Jørgensen, P. 2017. An integrated assessment of the vascular plant species of the Americas. Science 358(6370):1614-1617. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao0398.
Valenzuela, L; Calatayud, G; Farfán, J; Huamantupa, I; Monteagudo, A; Suclli, E. 2007. Flórula de la Reserva Ecológica Inkaterra p. 279-281.
Vásquez, R. 1997. Flórula de las Reservas Biológicas de Iquitos, Perú, Allpahuayo-Misha na, Explornapo Camp, Explorama Lodge. In Rudas, A; Taylor, Ch., (eds.). Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 63: 511–518.
Vásquez, R. 2010. Moraceae. In Vásquez, R; Rojas, R; Van der Werff, H (eds.). Flora del río Cenepa, Amazonas, Perú. v.2, p. 1045-1049.
Vásquez, R; Rojas, R; Monteagudo, A; Gamarra, L; Huamantupa, I. 2018. Catálogo de los árboles del Perú. Q’euña, Revista Sociedad Botánica del Cusco 9(1): 259-264.
Zerega, N; Clement, W; Datwyler, S; Weiblen, G. 2005. Biogeography and divergence times in the mulberry family (Moraceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37:402–416.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Carlos Reynel
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
