EFFICACY OF PREGNANCY DIAGNOSTIC METHODS IN THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF CATTLE: A META-ANALYSIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21704/ac.v84i1.1757Keywords:
pregnancy diagnostic, cattle, reproductive performance, ISG-PAG-TRUS, odds ratioAbstract
Traditional early pregnancy diagnostic methods are rectal palpation (RP) or transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) before 35-45 days post AI. There are alternative tests such as tests for progesterone (P4), pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) have been developed. One statical approach was conducted using random effects meta-analysis including four methods of early pregnancy detection. A systematic review of sources such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Scielo was carried out, with the aim to determine the most accurate and similar pregnancy diagnosis method compared to rectal palpation or ultrasound (gold standard). One statical approach was conducted using random effects meta-analysis including four methods of early pregnancy detection. A reproductive outcome of interest was the diagnostic accuracy of pregnant cows for each method. All the results show us odds ratio (OR) greater than 1, which means that there is a higher probability of detecting pregnant cows using these methodologies instead of the gold standard. Although, the only method with a significant result (p<0.05) is the P4 test. Since the OR value exceeds 1, it means that the evaluated method detects pregnant cows with more precision compared to the gold standard. This numerical difference would mean that all animals initially diagnosed as positive (pregnant cows) either suffered embryonic/foetal mortality or were diagnosed as false positives. Otherwise, when the OR value is closer to 1, it means that the diagnostic accuracy of pregnant cows will be maintained until the second diagnostic method (gold standard). In this study, the TRUS test was closest to 1. In conclusion, pregnancy detection by the progesterone method is associated with high rates of false positives or embryo mortality. The TRUS method is the method that has the greatest similarity to the gold standard when it comes to pregnant cows, followed by PAG and ISG.
Downloads
References
Bruinjé, T. C., & Ambrose, D. J. (2019). Validation of an automated in-line milk progesterone analysis system to diagnose pregnancy in dairy cattle. Journal of dairy science, 102(4), 3615-3621.
Commun, L., Velek, K., Barbry, J. B., Pun, S., Rice, A., Mestek, A., ... & Leterme, S. (2016). Detection of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins in milk and blood as a test for early pregnancy in dairy cows. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 28(3), 207-213.
Diskin, M. G., & Morris, D. G. (2008). Embryonic and early foetal losses in cattle and other ruminants. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 43, 260-267.
Diskin, M. G., Waters, S. M., Parr, M. H., & Kenny, D. A. (2016). Pregnancy losses in cattle: potential for improvement. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 28(2), 83-93.
Dufour, S., Durocher, J., Dubuc, J., Dendukuri, N., Hassan, S., & Buczinski, S. (2017). Bayesian estimation of sensitivity and specificity of a milk pregnancy-associated glycoprotein-based ELISA and of transrectal ultrasonographic exam for diagnosis of pregnancy at 28–45 days following breeding in dairy cows. Preventive veterinary medicine, 140, 122-133.
Ealy, A; Seekford, Zl. (2019) Symposium review: Predicting pregnancy loss in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 102(12): 11798 - 11804. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17176
Faustini, M., Battocchio, M., Vigo, D., Prandi, A., Veronesi, M. C., Comin, A., & Cairoli, F. (2007). Pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cows by whey progesterone analysis: An ROC approach. Theriogenology, 67(8), 1386-1392.
French, PD, Nebel, RL. (2003) The simulated economic cost of extended calving intervals in dairy herds and comparison of reproductive management programs [abstract]. J Dairy Sci 2003;86(Suppl 1):54.
Fricke, P.; Ricci, A.; Giordano, J.; Carvalho, P. (2016) Methods for and Implementation of Pregnancy Diagnosis in Dairy Cows. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 3281): 165-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.09.006.
Green, J. C., Volkmann, D. H., Poock, S. E., McGrath, M. F., Ehrhardt, M., Moseley, A. E., & Lucy, M. C. (2009). A rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay blood test for pregnancy in dairy and beef cattle. Journal of dairy science, 92(8), 3819-3824.
Gunn D., Hall J. (2018). Pregnancy Testing in Beef Cattle. University of Idaho Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology. Disponible en: https://www.extension.uidaho.edu/publishing/pdf/BUL/BUL913.pdf
Han, H., Austin, K. J., Rempel, L. A., & Hansen, T. R. (2006). Low blood ISG15 mRNA and progesterone levels are predictive of non-pregnant dairy cows. Journal of Endocrinology, 191(2), 505-512.
Higgins,J y Green, S. (2011). Cochrane Handbook for Systematics reviews of intervention Version 5.1.0. The Cochrane Collaboration.Retrievedfrom www. cochrane-handbook.org
Holtz, W., & Niggemeyer, H. (2019). Reliable identification of pregnant dairy cows by double milk progesterone analysis. Livestock Science, 228, 38-41.
Karen, A., De Sousa, N. M., Beckers, J. F., Bajcsy, Á. C., Tibold, J., Mádl, I., & Szenci, O. (2015). Comparison of a commercial bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein ELISA test and a pregnancy-associated glycoprotein radiomimmunoassay test for early pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cattle. Animal reproduction science, 159, 31-37.
Kaya, M. S., KÖSE, M., Bozkaya, F., Mutlu, H., UÇAR, E. H., & Atli, M. O. (2016). Early pregnancy diagnosis using a commercial ELISA test based on pregnancy-associated glycoproteins in Holstein-Friesian heifers and lactating cows. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 40(6), 694-699.
Lee, J. M., Kim, H. S., Jeong, S. G., & Jung, J. K. (1996). Studies on the early pregnancy determination in cows by using the enzyme-immunoassy and radio-immunoassay in milk. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 9(3), 299-302.
Mayo, L. M., Moore, S. G., Poock, S. E., Silvia, W. J., & Lucy, M. C. (2016). Validation of a chemical pregnancy test in dairy cows that uses whole blood, shortened incubation times, and visual readout. Journal of dairy science, 99(9), 7634-7641.
Melo, G. D., Mello, B. P., Ferreira, C. A., Souto Godoy Filho, C. A., Rocha, C. C., Silva, A. G., & Pugliesi, G. (2020). Applied use of interferon-tau stimulated genes expression in polymorphonquclear cells to detect pregnancy compared to other early predictors in beef cattle. Theriogenology, 152, 94-105.
Meziane, R., Boughris, F., Benhadid, M., Niar, A., Mamache, B., & Meziane, T. (2021). Comparative evaluation of two methods of pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cattle in the East of Algeria: proteins associated with pregnancy and ultrasonography. Biological Rhythm Research, 52(2), 237-245.
Moussafir, Z., Allai, L., El Khalil, K., Essamadi, A., & El Amiri, B. (2018). Could a bovine pregnancy rapid test be an alternative to a commercial pregnancy-associated glycoprotein ELISA test in dairy cattle?. Animal reproduction science, 192, 78-83.
Oliveira Filho, R. V., Franco, G. A., Reese, S. T., Dantas, F. G., Fontes, P. L. P., Cooke, R. F., ... & Pohler, K. G. (2020). Using pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG) for pregnancy detection at day 24 of gestation in beef cattle. Theriogenology, 141, 128-133.
Piechotta, M., Bollwein, J., Friedrich, M., Heilkenbrinker, T., Passavant, C., Branen, J., ... & Bollwein, H. (2011). Comparison of commercial ELISA blood tests for early pregnancy detection in dairy cows. Journal of Reproduction and Development, 57(1), 72-75.
Pugliesi, G., Miagawa, B. T., Paiva, Y. N., França, M. R., Silva, L. A., & Binelli, M. (2014). Conceptus-induced changes in the gene expression of blood immune cells and the ultrasound-accessed luteal function in beef cattle: how early can we detect pregnancy?. Biology of Reproduction, 91(4), 95-1.
Reese, S. T., Franco, G. A., Poole, R. K., Hood, R., Montero, L. F., Oliveira Filho, R. V., & Pohler, K. G. (2020). Pregnancy loss in beef cattle: A meta-analysis. Animal reproduction science, 212, 106251.
Reese, S.T.; Pereira, M.H.C.; Edwards, J.L.; Vasconcelos, J.L.M.; Pohler, K.G. (2018) Pregnancy diagnosis in cattle using pregnancy associated glycoprotein concentration in circulation at day 24 of gestation. Theriogenology 106;178-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.10.020.
Romano, J. E., & Larson, J. E. (2010). Accuracy of pregnancy specific protein-B test for early pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cattle. Theriogenology, 74(6), 932-939.
Serrano-Pérez, B., Molina, E., Noya, A., López-Helguera, I., Casasús, I., Sanz, A., & Villalba, D. (2020). Maternal nutrient restriction in early pregnancy increases the risk of late embryo loss despite no effects on peri-implantation interferon-stimulated genes in suckler beef cattle. Research in veterinary science, 128, 69-75.
Shephard, R.W.; Morton, J.M. (2018) Estimation of sensitivity and specificity of pregnancy diagnosis using transrectal ultrasonography and ELISA for pregnancy-associated glycoprotein in dairy cows using a Bayesian latent class model. New ZealandVeterinaryJournal, 66(1): 30-36, https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2017.1391723
Silva, E., Sterry, R. A., Kolb, D., Mathialagan, N., McGrath, M. F., Ballam, J. M., & Fricke, P. M. (2007). Accuracy of a pregnancy-associated glycoprotein ELISA to determine pregnancy status of lactating dairy cows twenty-seven days after timed artificial insemination. Journal of dairy science, 90(10), 4612-4622.
Sinedino, L. D. P., Lima, F. S., Bisinotto, R. S., Cerri, R. L. A., & Santos, J. E. P. (2014). Effect of early or late resynchronization based on different methods of pregnancy diagnosis on reproductive performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(8), 4932-4941.
Soumaya, N. P., Das, D. N., Jeyakumar, S., Mondal, S., Mor, A., & Mundhe, U. T. (2017). Differential expression of ISG 15 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of nulliparous and multiparous pregnant versus non‐pregnant Bos indicus cattle. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 52(1), 97-106.
Speckhart, S. L., Reese, S. T., Franco, G. A., Ault, T. B., Oliveira Filho, R. V., Oliveira, A. P., ... & Pohler, K. G. (2018). Invited Review: Detection and management of pregnancy loss in the cow herd. The Professional Animal Scientist, 34(6), 544-557.
Wijma, R., Stangaferro, M. L., Kamat, M. M., Vasudevan, S., Ott, T. L., & Giordano, J. O. (2016). Embryo mortality around the period of maintenance of the corpus luteum causes alterations to the ovarian function of lactating dairy cows. Biology of reproduction, 95(5), 112-1.
Wu, L., Xu, C., Xia, C., Duan, Y., Xu, C., Zhang, H., & Bao, J. (2014). Development and application of an ELISA kit for the detection of milk progesterone in dairy cows. Monoclonal antibodies in immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy, 33(5), 330-333.
Yoshino, H., Kizaki, K., Iga, K., Hirata, T. I., Matsuda, H., Yamanouchi, T., & Hashizume, K. (2020). Use of a prediction method for early pregnancy status utilizing receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of peripheral blood leukocyte interferon-stimulated genes in Japanese-Black cattle. Animal reproduction science, 214, 106283.
Yoshino, H., Toji, N., Sasaki, K., Koshi, K., Yamagishi, N., Takahashi, T., ... & Hashizume, K. (2018). A predictive threshold value for the diagnosis of early pregnancy in cows using interferon-stimulated genes in granulocytes. Theriogenology, 107, 188-193.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Natalia Sofia Vindrola Muñóz, Edwin Alberto Mellisho Salas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
