Antagonism of Trichoderma spp. from the Peruvian Central Rainforest on Phytophthora capsici and Effects on Plant Growth
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21704/pja.v8i1.1982Keywords:
Trichoderma koningiopsis, Trichoderma lentiforme, Trichoderma harzianumAbstract
The genus Trichoderma is primarily recognized for its role as a biocontrol agent against various plant pathogens. Among the actions exhibited by this genus is its activity against Phytophthora capsici (P.c.), the causal agent of crown rot, foliar blight, and fruit rot in pepper cultivation. This study evaluated the antagonistic activity of T. koningiopsis and T. lentiforme against P. capsici. These species, isolated from the Peruvian central rainforest, were previously identified through morphological and molecular methods. The research was conducted in two phases: 1) In the in vitro phase, the treatments included isolates of T. koningiopsis, T. lentiforme, and T. harzianum, each tested both individually and against P. capsici, along with a positive control (+P.c.); 2) For the in vivo phase a negative control (-P.c.) was included. The in vitro antagonism evaluation featured a dual plate confrontation assay between Trichoderma spp. and P. capsici on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium, wherein the percentage of radial growth inhibition (PRGI) and growth rate were assessed. In the greenhouse, bell pepper seedlings cv ‘Piquillo’ were inoculated with 20 mL of a Trichoderma spp. conidia suspension (108 spores/mL) at transplanting, 14, and 28 days after transplanting (dat). P. capsici was inoculated at 28 dat near the base of the plant using three grains (0.27 g) of previously colonized wheat. The experiments followed a completely randomized design (CRD) with Tukey’s mean comparison test at a 0.05 significance level. The evaluated variables included plant height (cm), incidence (%), severity (%), fresh weight (g), and dry weight (g). The in vitro antagonism results showed that T. koningiopsis and T. lentiforme exhibited PRGI values of 38.08 % and 37.91 %, respectively, against P. capsici. In the greenhouse assay, the bell pepper plants co-inoculated with T. lentiforme and P. capsici exhibited higher values in plant height (21.11 cm), root length (11.02 cm), and fresh weight (1.4 g). Additionally, the degree of foliar and root severity in all treatments with Trichoderma spp. and P. capsici was lower (Grade 0 to Grade 2), unlike the treatment inoculated solely with the pathogen (Grade 3 to Grade 4). In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of T. koningiopsis and T. lentiforme as biocontrol agents against P. capsici in pepper crops.
nation organic manure (sheep) with mineral fertilizer in percentage on the growth of maize and some soil properties .
Method of work :The experiment carried out in In the fields of the Iraqi Agricultural Research Department - Dabouni Station in (2021) with the treatment groups as follows: Group
(Control, no manure, no fertilizer (T1) Sheep fertilizer, 20 tons ha−1 [SF] (T2) Mineral fertilizer
( N.P.K ) 320 kgN/ha ,100kg P2O5/ha and 120Kg K2O/ha (NPK100%) (T3) Mixture of sheep (20 tons/ha + and mineral fertilizer NPK 320 kgN/ha ,100kg P2O5/ha and 120Kg K2O/ha, 5) Sheep manure + 25%, N.P.K [SMF25%] (T4) Sheep manure+ 50%, N.P.K [SMF50%] (T5)6) Sheep manure + 75%, N.P.K [SMF75%] (T6) Sheep manure +100% N.P.K [SMF100%] (T7)
The experiment laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with three replications.
The results : experiment showed that the combination of organic fertilizer and mineral fertilizer [SMF100%](T7) gave significant differences in average of plant length growth (161) cm compared to mineral fertilizer (109) cm and organic fertilizer (99) cm respectively, also (T7) gives significant differences in root length ,ear length leaf area,500 grain weight ,biological yield, Grain yield) and content of organic matter in the soil, but in the same significant of fertilization treatment [SMF75%](T6)
The treatment [Mineral F](T3) gives significant difference in the value of EC (4.2) Dsm-1 and PH (7.5) of the soil Compared to other treatments in the experiment .
Conclusions & Recommendations : We can be concluded from blending organic fertilizer with mineral fertilizer to obtain good quality, growth and high productivity of maize and soil fertility and to reduce the amount of mineral fertilizer. Then we recommend that it can be applied by farmers by using other varieties of maize and in other locations to confirm the results
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Copyright (c) 2024 Percy Ivan Teves Anchivilca, Yovana Felix Vasquez, Fiorella Fernanda Gonzales Borda, Gina Rubi León Modeneci, Karen Lizbeth Honorio Quispe, Alejandro Kepler Llanos Melo, Maria del Carmen Gonzales Miranda
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