Color variation in the apex of the avocado fruit                            (Persea americana Mill.) cv. ‘Hass’as harvest index

Authors

  • Sergio Leguia -Vargas Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Horticulture Deparment, Faculty of Agronomy, Thesis for the title of Agricultural Engineer, Av. La Molina s/n, Lima-Perú.
  • Guillermo Jose Parodi -Macedo Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Horticulture Deparment, Faculty of Agronomy Research Program in Fruit Trees, Av. La Molina s/n, Lima-Perú.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21704/pja.v7i2.2020

Keywords:

Maturity, lenticellar coverage, dry matter, harvestin

Abstract

The objective of this investigation was to establish as a harvest index in avocado fruits cv. Hass the changes in pigmentation and color at the level of the apex of the fruit. For this, from week 23 after maximum flowering to week 29, 30 fruits by week of similar and homogeneous conditions were taken from panicles previously marked at the beginning of flowering were analyzed. Changes in pigmentation and color on the apex side of the fruit were evaluated through the chromatic parameters L*, a*, b*, C*, h°, and the color index (CI) was estimated. of avocado maturity (AMI) the concentration of chlorophylls a, b and total and the quantification of the percentage of lenticellar coverage (LC) all of which were related to the percentage of matter of the apical (DMA), central (DMC) and basal sides. (DMB) of the fruit. The results had statistical differences between the color parameters and the dry matter of the fruit but with low correlation and determination coefficients. The h° hue was the only chromatic parameter that had a better relationship with the percentage of dry matter (r= -0.42). The behavior of the lenticellar coverage with respect to the weeks of evaluation and the percentage of dry matter of the fruit are explained through a third-degree polynomial curve with relationship coefficients (R2=0.97) and (R2=0.84) respectively. This would make it possible to estimate based on the percentage of lenticellar coverage of the apex of the avocado cv. Hass the percentage of dry matter of the pulp, the lenticellar coverage must be at least 6.7 % to ensure a percentage of dry matter (22 %) ideal to start the fruit harvest. Regarding the concentrations of chlorophyll a, b, and total, these did not present differences or variations in the apex side of the fruit.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Arpaia, M. L., Boreham, D., & Hofshi, R. (2001). Development of a new method for measuring mínimum maturity of avocados. California Avocado Society Yearbook, 85, 153–178. http://www.avocadosource.com/cas_yearbooks/cas_85_2001/cas_2001_pg_153-178.pdf

Ashton, O. B., Wong, M., McGhie, T. K., Vather, R., Wang, Y., Requejo-Jackman, C., Ramankutty, P., & Woolf, A.B. (2006). Pigments in avocado tissue and oil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(26), 10151–10158. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf061809j

Blanke, M. M. (1992). Photosynthesis of avocado fruit. In P. A. Holthe, & M. L. Arpaia (Eds.), Proceedings of World Avocado Congress 1992 (pp. 179–189). Universidad de California. http://www.avocadosource.com/WAC2/WAC2_p179.pdf

Bouzayen, M., Latché, A., Nath, P., & Pech, J.C. (2010). Mechanism of Fruit Ripening (Chapter 10) In: E., Pua, M. Davey, (eds.). Plant Developmental Biology - Biotechnological Perspectives. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 319-339 pp. https://doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02301-9_16

Bower, J. P., & Cutting, J. G. (1988). Avocado fruit development and ripening physiology. In J. Janick (Ed.) Horticultural Reviews, 10, 229–271. Timber Press, Portland. http://www.avocadosource.com/journals/horticulturalreviews/hortrev_1988_pg_229-271.pdf

Carvalho, C. P., Velásquez, M. A., & Van Rooyen, Z. (2014). Determinación del índice mínimo de materia seca para la óptima cosecha de aguacate ‘Hass’ en Colombia. Agronomía Colombiana, 32(3), 399–406. https://doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v32n3.46031

Cerdas A., M. M., Montero C., M., & Díaz, E. (2006). Manual de manejo pre y poscosecha de aguacate (Persea americana). Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería: Centro de Investigaciones Agronómicas Universidad de Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica. 95 p. https://www.mag.go.cr/bibliotecavirtual/F01-9029.pdf

Cerdas A., M. M., Montero C., M., & Somarribas, J. O. (2014). Verificación del contenido de materia seca como indicador de cosecha para aguacate (Persea americana Mill) cultivar Hass en zona intermedia de producción de de los Santos Costa Rica. Agronomía Costarricense, 38(1), 207–214. http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0377-94242014000100014&lng=en&tlng=es

Chen, N. J., Wall, M. M., Paull, R. E., & Follett, P. A. (2009). Variation in ‘Sharwil’ avocado maturity during the harvest season and resistance to fruit fly infestation. Hort Science, 44(6), 1655–1661. http://www.avocadosource.com/journals/hortscience/hortsci_2009_44_1655-1661.pdf

Coggins Junior, C. (1984). Fruit quality for consumer satisfaction. In California Avocado Society Yearbook, 68, 43–46. http://www.avocadosource.com/CAS_Yearbooks/CAS_68_1984/CAS_1984_PG_043-046.pdf

Cummings, K., & Schroeder, C. A. (1942). Anatomy of the avocado fruit. In California Avocado Society Yearbook, 27, 56–64. http://www.avocadosource.com/CAS_Yearbooks/CAS_27_1942/CAS_1942_PG_056-064.pdf

Defilippi, B., Robledo, P., Ferreyra, R., & Karlezi, D. (2012). Heterogeneidad en postcosecha de los huertos de palta Hass en Chile. In Raúl Ferreyra E., & B. Defilippi (Eds.), Factores de precosecha que afectan la postcosecha de palta Hass: Clima, suelo y manejo (pp. 43–54). Boletín INIA Nº 248. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Centro Regional de Investigación La Cruz, Chile. https://biblioteca.inia.cl/bitstream/handle/20.500.14001/7536/NR38534.pdf?sequence=10&isAllowed=y

Di Rienzo, J. A., Balzarina, M., Gonzalez, L., Casanoves, F., Tablada, M., & Robledo, C. W. (2018). InfoStat versión 2018. Centro de Transferencia InfoStat, FCA, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. https://www.infostat.com.ar/

Dorta, E., Méndez, C., Díaz-Delgado, G., & Lobo, M. G. (2021). Métodos para la determinación de materia seca en aguacate. Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias. Colección CAIA Nº2 PROYECTO I+D Agrario Estratégico para Canarias CAIA2019/2020-0002-00-00. 20 p. https://www.icia.es/icia/download/Publicaciones/MateriaSecaAguacate.pdf

Eaks, I. L. (1978). Ripening, Respiration, and Ethylene Production of ‘Hass’ Avocado Fruits at 20° to 40°C. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 103(5), 576–578. http://avocadosource.com/Journals/ASHS/ASHS_1978_103_PG_576-578.pdf

Resolución Directorial N° 0009–2014-MIDAGRI-SENASA-DSV. Procedimiento Certificación Fitosanitaria de Palta (Persea americana) variedad Hass destinada a la exportación, en el portal institucional del SENASA. (2014, February 24). El Peruano. https://www.senasa.gob.pe/senasa/wp-content/uploads/jer/SUB_DIR_EXPORT/RD%200009-2014-MINAGRI-SENASA-DSV%20y%20anexo.pdf

Escobar, J. V., Rodriguez, P., Cortes, M., & Correa, G. (2019). Influencia de la Materia Seca como Índice de Madurez de Cosecha y Tiempo de Almacenamiento en Frío sobre la Calidad del Aguacate cv. Hass Producido en la Región del Trópico Alto. Información Tecnológica, 30(3), 199–210. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07642019000300199

Everett, K. R., Hallett, I., C., Rees-George, J., Chynoweth, R. W., & Pak, H. A. (2008). Avocado lenticel damage: the cause and the effect on fruit quality. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 48(3), 383–390. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2007.09.008

Hernández, I., Fuentealba, C., Olaeta, J. A., Lurie, S., Defilippi, B., Campos-Vargas, R., & Pedreschi, R. (2016). Factors associated with postharvest ripening heterogeneity of Hass avocados (Persea americana Mill.). Fruits, 71 (5), 259–268. https://www.pubhort.org/members/showdocument?series=fruits&pdffile=-bs-actahort-bs-fruits-bs-pdf-bs-2016-bs-5-bs-fruits160045.f&layout=pubhort&action=showdocument&lidvan=ishs&yolume=71&issue=5&edpsref=fruits160045

Hofman, P., Jobin-Décor, M., & Giles, J. (2000). Percentage of dry matter and oil content are not reliable indicators of fruit maturity or quality in late-harvested ‘Hass’ avocado. HortScience, 35(4), 694–695. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.35.4.694

Magwaza, L. S., & Tesfay, S. Z. (2015). A review of destructive and non-destructive methods for determining avocado fruit maturity. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 8, 1995–2011 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-015-1568-y

Mathaba, N., Mafeo, T. P., & Kruger, F. J. (2015). The skin colouring problema of ‘Hass’ avocado fruit during ripening. In South African Avocado Growers’ Association Yearbook, 38, 51–57. http://www.avocadosource.com/Journals/SAAGA/SAAGA_2015/SAAGA_2015_38_PG_51.pdf

Osuna-García, J. A., Doyon, G., Salazar-García, R. G., González-Durán, I. J. (2011). Relationship between skin color and some fruit quality characteristics of ‘Hass’ avocado. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico, 95(1-2), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v95i1-2.2543

Parodi, G. J., Sanchez, M., & Daga, W. (2007). Correlación del contenido de aceite, materia seca y humedad de pulpa como indicadores de cosecha en frutos de palto (Persea americana Mill) var. Hass cultivada bajo condiciones de dos localidades en Chincha-Perú. In M. B. Castro, Mc. Arancibia, A. I. Bauzá, & J. A. Olaetea (Eds.) Proceedings VI World Avocado Congress. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. https://www.avocadosource.com/WAC6/es/Extenso/4a-174.pdf

Parodi, G. J. (2014). Técnicas para la identificación de frutos de palta ´Hass´ de óptima calidad. Procedimientos y alternativas prácticas. Sierra Exportadora. http://www.sierraexportadora.gob.pe/descargas/ferias-eventos/palta/Tecnicas

Pérez de los Cobos, R. (2012). Crecimiento y maduración del fruto en aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) cv. Hass. [Proyecto de Fin de Carrera, Universidad de Almeria]. http://repositorio.ual.es/handle/10835/1913

Schroeder, C. A. (1950). The structure of the skin or rind of the avocado. In California Avocado Society Yearbook, 34, 169–176. http://avocadosource.com/CAS_Yearbooks/CAS_35_1950/CAS1950_PG_169-176.pdf

Schroeder, C. A. (1987). Physiological gradients in fleshy pericarp of avocado. In South African Avocado Growers’ Association Yearbook, 10, 32–34. http://www.avocadosource.com/WAC1/WAC1_p032.pdf

Scora, R. W., Wolstenholme, B. N., & Lavi, U. (2002). Taxonomy and botany. In: A. W. Whiley, B. Schaffer, & B. N. Wolstenholme (Eds), The Avocado: Botany, Production and Uses (pp. 15–37). CAB International. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851993577.0015

Serrano-García, I., Hurtado-Fernandez, E., Gonzalez-Fernandez, J. J., Hormaza, J. I., Pedreschi, R., Reboredo-Rodríguez, P., Figueiredo-Gonzalez, M., Olmo-García, L., & Carrasco-Pancorbo, A. (2022). Prolonged on-tree maturation vs. cold storage of Hass avocado fruit: Changes in metabolites of bioactive interest at edible ripeness. Food Chemistry, 394, #133447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133447

Tingwa, P. O., & Young, R. E. (1975). Studies on the inhibition of ripening in attached avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruits. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 100(5), 447–449. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.100.5.447

Valmayor, R. V. (1964). Cellular development of the avocado from blossom to maturity. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida]. https://ufdc.ufl.edu/aa00047136/00001

Venturo K. M. (2021). Materia seca como indicador de cosecha en frutos de palto (Persea americana Mill) variedad Hass cultivada en condiciones de la localidad de Virú, la Libertad. [Thesis, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego]. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12759/7523

Waissbluth, R., & Valenzuela, J. (2007). Determinación del porcentaje mínimo de materia seca para autorizar la cosecha de paltas cv. Hass para ser exportadas. In Proceedings VI World Avocado Congress (Actas VI Congreso Mundial del Aguacate Viña Del Mar). http://www.avocadosource.com/wac6/es/Extenso/5b-213.pdf

Zarazúa-Escobar, J. A., Martínez-Damian, M. T.; Colinas-León, M. T., Barrientos-Priego, A. F., & Aguilar-Melchor, J. J. (2005). Frigoconservación y atmósferas modificadas en frutos de aguacate mínimamente procesado. Revista Chapingo (Serie Horticultura), 11(1), 143–148. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/609/60912502021.pdf

Downloads

Published

2023-08-25

How to Cite

Leguia -Vargas, S. ., & Parodi -Macedo, G. J. . (2023). Color variation in the apex of the avocado fruit                            (Persea americana Mill.) cv. ‘Hass’as harvest index. Peruvian Journal of Agronomy, 7(2), 83-96. https://doi.org/10.21704/pja.v7i2.2020