Impact of access to water and sewage services on anemia in children under 5 years of age in Peru
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21704/ne.v6i2.1940Keywords:
Water and sewage, anemia, propensity score matchingAbstract
Anemia is a multidimensional problem that worsens at an early age. When anemia prevalence rates exceed 40 %, the WHO recognizes it as a serious public health problem. In Peru, infants between the ages of 6 and 36 months have anemia in 43,5 % of urban areas and 51,1 % of rural areas. The objective of the study was to determine the impact of access to water and sewerage on anemia, for this, we used the Propensity Score Matching as an impact evaluation technique and through the use of data from the Endes 2019. The results show that in general, having with access to water and sewage contributes to reducing the presence of this disease. We conclude that in general, having water and sewage services has an impact on reducing anemia by 14,6 % in households with children under 5 years of age, particularly, having only water services contributes to a decrease of 12,4 % and having only a sewage service reduces anemia in this group by 7,6 %. When comparing the impact of access to these two services on anemia according to urban and rural areas, this is greater in the urban area and when only the water service is accessed, which would be related to the greater incidence of chlorination actions.
Downloads
References
Adukia, A. 2017. Sanitation and Education. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 9(2), p. 23-59.
Amerson, R; Miller, L; Glatt, M; Ramsey, K; Baker, J. 2017. Assessment of Anemia Levels in Infants and Children in High Altitude Peru. Global Journal of Health Science; Vol. 9, No. 7; 2017.
Baldi, A.; Clucas,D,; Pasricha Sant-Rayn. 2020. Anemia and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)—is there really a link?. Am J Clin Nutr 2020.;112:1145–1146.
Becker, S.O.; Ichino, A. 2002. Estimation of average treatment effects based on propensity scores. The Stata Journal (2002) 2, Number 4, pp. 358–377.
Bernal, R.; Peña, X. 2011. Guía práctica para la evaluación de impacto. Universidad de los Andes, Colombia.
Caliendo, M.; Kopeinig, S. 2005. Some Practical Guidance for the Implementation of Propensity Score Matching, DIW Discussion Papers, No. 485, Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW), Berlin.
Carrasco, C.E.2019.Introdução à avaliação de impacto e retorno econômico de programas sociais. Renata Cristina Teixeira da Silva. - 1. ed. – Curitiba: Appris, 2019. 169 p.; 21 cm (Ensino de ciências).
Coscia, C. 2017. Métodos estadísticos para evaluar la causalidad en estudios observacionales. Trabajo de fin de Máster. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
D.I. 2018. Development Initiatives 2018. Global Nutrition Report: shining a light to spur action on nutrition. Development Initiatives, Bristol, UK.
ENAPRES. 2016. Encuesta Nacional de Programas Presupuestales, 2016. Elaboración: MVCS, Oficina General de Estadística e Informática, Lima. https://www.inei.gob.pe/descargar/encuestas/documentos/ficha_tecnica_enapres_2015.pdf/
ENAPRES-ENAHO. 2018-2019. Encuesta Nacional de Programas Presupuestales (ENAPRES) y Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO), datos del período noviembre 2018-octubre 2019. Agua Mas. Agua con calidad para la población rural. 2017-2019. MIDIS.
Galiani, S.; Gertler, P.; Schargrodsky, E. 2005. Water for Life: The Impact of the Privatization of Water Services on Child Mortality. Journal of Political Economy 113(1): 83–120.
Gamper-Rabindran, S.; Khan, S.; Timmins, C. 2010.The Impact of Piped Water Provision on Infant Mortality in Brazil: A Quantile Panel Data Approach. Journal of Development Economics 92(2): 188-200.
Grotta, A.; Bellocco, R.A. 2014. Review of propensity score: principles, methods and application in Stata. Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods University of Milano–Bicocca.
Holland, P,W.1986. Statistics and causal inference». Journal of the American Statistical Association. Vol. 81, N° 396, Theory and Methods, 945-960.
INEI, 2020. Perú: Formas de Acceso al Agua y Saneamiento Básico. Boletín N° 09. Junio,2020.
---, 2019. Perú: Indicadores de Resultados de los Programas Presupuestales, 2019.
Khan L. Anemia in Childhood. Pediatr Ann. 2018. 47(2):42-7. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29446792
Kosec, K. 2014. The Child Health Implications of Privatizing Africa’s Urban Water Supply. Journal of Health Economics 35: 1-19.
Kothari, M.; Coile, A.; Huestis, A.; Pullum, T,; Garrett, D.; Engmann, D. 2019. Exploring associations between water, sanitation, and anemia through 47 nationally representative demographic and health surveys. The Authors. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.
Larsen DA, Grisham T, Slawsky E, Narine L. 2017. An individual-level meta-analysis assessing the impact of community-level sanitation access on child stunting, anemia, and diarrhea: Evidence from DHS and MICS surveys. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11(6): e0005591. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pntd.0005591
Lázaro, A.; Moreno, H.P.; Guzmán, W.; Carcheri, R. 2020. Impacto del acceso a los servicios de saneamiento en enfermedades diarreicas agudas en el Perú. V Congreso Nacional del Agua, CONA, UTEC, Lima, Perú.
Marino, D.S. 2018. Impacto de los servicios públicos de agua potable y alcantarillado sobre los logros educativos en el Perú. Trabajo de investigación presentado para optar al Grado Académico de Magíster en Economía. Universidad del Pacífico, Escuela de Postgrado.
MVCS. 2016. Consultoría para apoyar al MVCS en la preparación del nuevo plan nacional de saneamiento (PNS) 2016-2021. AC Pública S.A.C. – APOYO.
Núñez, L.C. 2011. Econometría de evaluación de impacto. Economía Vol. XXXIV, N° 67, 2011.
ONU. 2017. Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF); 2017.
ONU. 2008. Worldwide Prevalence of Anaemia 1993-2005: WHO Global Database on Anaemia. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/stam/10665/43894/1/9789241596657_eng.pdf
Ortiz, J.; Resende, M.; Dinar, A. 2016. Impact of access to water and sanitation services on educational attainment. Water Resources and Economics, 14, p. 31–43.
Plan Multisectorial de Lucha Contra la Anemia, PMLCA. 2018. Ministerio de Desarrollo e Inclusión Social. https://www.gob.pe/midis
Rocha, R.; Soares, R. 2015. Water Scarcity and Birth Outcomes in the Brazilian Semiarid. Journal of Development Economics 112: 72–91.
Rosenbaum, P.R; Rubin D.B. 1983. The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects. Biometrika 70 (1): 41–55.
Soares, R. 2007. Health and the Evolution of Welfare across Brazilian Municipalities. Journal of Development Economics 84: 590-608.
Sotelo, L. 2016. El Impacto del Acceso a los Servicios de Agua y Saneamiento sobre la Desnutrición Crónica Infantil: evidencia del Perú. Tesis para optar el Título de Licenciada en Economía. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
Valdez, N.D. 2012. Evaluación de impacto con la metodología de efectos de tratamiento. El caso de las remesas en México 2012. Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey.
Watson, T. 2006. Public Health Investments and the Infant Mortality Gap: Evidence from Federal Sanitation Interventions on U.S. Indian Reservations. Journal of Public Economics 90(8-9): 1537-60.
Yu, E.; Addo, O.; Williams, A.; Engle-Stone, R.; Ou J.; Huang, W.; Guo, J.; Suchdev, P.; Young, M. 2020. Association between anemia and household water source or sanitation in preschool children: the Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) Project. Am J Clin Nutr 2020;112(Suppl):488S–497S.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Wagner Guzmán-Castillo, Luis Alberto Acosta Sullcahuaman, Arturo Rodolfo Lázaro Pérez, Christiam Miguel Gonzales Chavez, Herman Paul Moreno Alvarado, Cynthia Roxana Peña Wagner, Kate Bertha Leiva Ganoza, Marcos Yair Zevallos Timoteo, Mirton Enrique Crisólogo Rodriguez, Adolfo Quispe Tito, Wilmer Castillo Villanueva
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
